Two years ago, Xpress reported on the hope-filled 2017 kickoff of an effort to address huge disparities between the achievement of black and white students in Asheville City Schools.
Then-Superintendent Pamela Baldwin asked the school board to support the selection of Integrated Comprehensive Systems for Equity, based in Wisconsin, which she said was the only system “that actually addresses the specific components of an educational system to address the gaps and needs of children and teachers in our community.”
But since the city’s work with ICS Equity began, the problem has gotten worse instead of better. Data assembled by the N.C. Youth Justice Project, which analyzes academic and discipline data for all of the state’s 115 school districts, shows that reading, math and science scores for Asheville’s black students in grades three-eight were the lowest of any district in North Carolina last year.
Xpress asked Baldwin’s successor, current Superintendent Denise Patterson, about the status of the ICS Equity program at the end of the second year of a three-year contract, with over $100,000 spent on consulting fees and materials to date.
“We are evaluating where we are with our ICS process,” Patterson said.
Where exactly, Xpress wanted to know, is that?
“We’re at that stage right now to say: What are we doing? What are all schools doing? What are we doing as a district? Those are some questions we are posing. And then we are posing: Where do we want to go from here? So we are looking at what have we done, what are we currently doing and where do we go from here?” Patterson responded.
Xpress asked similar questions, probing for broad goals for the districtwide effort — and progress toward those goals — throughout a 90-minute interview with Patterson and other school officials. Along with attendance at 11 public meetings and numerous individual interviews with parents, teachers, organizations and elected officials since the beginning of 2019, the conversation was part of Xpress’ extensive reporting on the progress of the ICS Equity initiative. (See sidebar, “Following the gap”)
But while awareness of Asheville’s worst-in-state racial academic achievement and discipline disparities seems to be on the rise, agreement on specific goals for reducing the gap, the strategies and resources needed, and how long it could take to make progress remain elusive.
Looking for answers
Even among themselves, school officials appear divided on how to make things better for Asheville’s black children, perhaps because they haven’t come to a consensus about why Asheville’s gap is worse than those of other districts with similar demographics and histories.
It’s generally agreed, however, that no single factor is to blame. A shortage of African American teachers and low expectations for black students within the district, combined with larger societal problems such as violent crime, poverty, trauma, food insecurity and difficulty accessing medical and mental health care, all contribute to the problem.
The gap between the test scores of Asheville City Schools’ white and black students — although significant — tracked that of other districts across the state until the 2009-10 school year, Melissa Hedt, the district’s executive director of curriculum and instruction, recently told the school board. From that point forward, the gap between white and black academic proficiency has widened dramatically. And it is falling black achievement, not rising white student proficiency, that is making the difference, she said. (See ACS testing data for 2014-18 by school, grade and subgroup at the bottom of this article.)
“If we saw at that time that the African American students were performing less, that’s when we should have done something,” said board member Patricia Griffin, a retired Asheville City Schools teacher and administrator. “We own that failure.”
Hedt also pointed to a shift in the racial composition of the district. She and other longtime ACS staff members estimated that the number of black students has fallen from 40%-50% of the district’s total in 2000 to 20% today, a total of 827 students at press time.
Board members and school staff posited that the rising cost of housing may be pushing working-class black families outside city limits or out of the region. Board member James Carter asked whether more African American families are choosing charter or private schools rather than the public system.
“We have families who have opted for charter — specifically black families — because of our gap,” Hedt confirmed. “They don’t trust us to teach their kids.”
Teacher trouble
Only 5% of Asheville City Schools’ teachers are black; 92% are white, and 4% identify as other races. Although the picture looks different at the administrative level — 22% of principals and 39% of assistant principals identified as black in the last school year — many say the paucity of black role models is a barrier to success for students of color.
“Our teachers are going to teach what they know,” Lauren Evans, principal at Asheville Primary School, told the school board. “And most of our teachers are white and female. And so they are going to default to historical norms and a historical understanding of what they have been taught.”
UNC Asheville associate professor of education Tiece Ruffin, who is consulting with the city system, says studies show black students tend to perform better when taught by black teachers. But in the absence of more African American educators, she urges ACS to analyze which of its white teachers are most effectively closing the achievement gap between black and white students. Those teachers, she says, could mentor their peers in more effective practices.
At a May 7 meeting to discuss the system’s budget for the upcoming school year, Buncombe County Commissioner Al Whitesides asked Patterson whether the district offers extra incentives to African American candidates. Patterson responded that $2,000 hiring bonuses are in place for special education and math teachers, but not specifically for teachers of color.
Expectations become reality
“Most teachers in our district have not seen certain populations of students be successful and do not truly understand what urgency means when closing the opportunity gap,” Evans told the school board.
Speaking of black students, board Chair Shaunda Sandford said, “They’re in school from kindergarten to eighth grade, they’re raising their hand, and the teacher’s not calling on them. They’re trying; they get to middle school and they can’t read. We’ve lost so much time.”
Asheville Middle School Principal April Dockery added, “The reality is, there are children who are coming to me in the sixth grade, and they do not know their multiplication tables and they are not reading at grade level. And I am sending them to [high school] not having a tremendous impact on them for the three years.”
Asked whether the district has set measurable goals for improving black student achievement, Patterson told Xpress, “Each school has a student achievement plan, and they have a percentage goal in there that they want to make sure that they close that gap.” Those plans are accessible to the public on each school’s website, she added.
Xpress was easily able to locate some of the school improvement plans; others, not so much. A link to the improvement plan for Montford North Star Academy appeared to be broken and returned an error message. The Asheville High School plan page was last updated on Nov. 28, 2017, while the School of Inquiry and Life Sciences plan page was last updated in December 2018 and contains limited information. (See sidebar, “School improvement plans”)
Only one of 10 schools, Claxton Elementary, included a quantitative goal specifically targeting black student achievement in its plan, which states an intention that 62.6% of the school’s black students will achieve proficiency in reading in third grade. At the end of the 2017-18 school year, just 14.3% of Claxton’s black students scored proficient or higher at the end of third grade.
In math, the plan states, Claxton aims for 61.2% of black students to achieve proficiency. In 2017-18, 35.7% of black third-graders, 9.1% of black fourth-graders, and 6.7% of black fifth-graders hit that target on end-of-grade tests. Neither the reading nor the math goals included a specific timeline for achievement.
Back to basics
Even lofty goals, high expectations and culturally informed teaching strategies can’t reach children who arrive at school hungry, tired, traumatized and homeless, say city school board members, district officials and principals.
“It goes back to Maslow,” said board member and retired Asheville teacher Martha Geitner, referring to a model of human psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943. “The hierarchy — if they’re not getting fed, if they’re not getting what they need, just basics — they can’t learn.”
“Our friends who are coming into kindergarten already have significant trauma in their lives,” said Sarah Cain, principal of Jones Elementary. “They’re screaming, they’re crying, they’re tantruming. They can’t access the instruction because of what they’re walking in the door with every morning.”
School of Inquiry and Life Sciences Principal Nicole Cush gave another example of how poverty disrupts learning at her school, describing a fire alarm incident the day before. The student who pulled the alarm, she said, had become homeless that night. “We just found out that mom’s water was turned off. She had no food. He had to go sleep with a friend,” she said. “This is what we are dealing with.”
Meeting student needs that extend beyond the school campus is the job of Eric Howard, the district’s director of student support services. He told the Buncombe County Board of Commissioners on May 7 that better coordination of services is critical for reducing the gap.
The city schools work with the Buncombe County Department of Health and Human Services, Vaya Health, the juvenile justice system and others, Howard said, to provide “wraparound services” to address mental health, social and emotional needs. But coordinating all those entities and interventions effectively is a complex challenge.
“All of our agencies need to be together to make these things happen,” Howard said, describing recent changes in payment sources that present “leaps and bounds that we have to go over” to offer comprehensive mental health support.
“Now, once we get those services put in place and we continue to have effective strategies around that, achievement will improve,” Howard added. Of the additional $2 million the Asheville City Schools requested above the Board of Commissioners’ recommended fiscal year 2020 budget, $515,000 was designated for mental health support.
Crunching the numbers
A comparison of the city schools’ funding with that of other area systems suggests that the amount of money spent on education is not a root cause of Asheville’s unusual disparities. Based on an annual budget of $71,546,197 for the 2018-19 school year, the city district spends $16,092 on each of its 4,446 students. Buncombe County Schools, by contrast, spends just $6,246 per student, based on a total budget of $150,302,530 for 24,064 students.
While county Superintendent Tony Baldwin told the Board of Commissioners that his system struggles with disparities for students with disabilities, the gap between white and black students in the county schools resembles the state average, with 27.7% of black Buncombe students in grades three-eight scoring proficient or higher on end-of-grade tests last year, compared with 60.1% of white students. Statewide, about 30% of black students achieve proficiency on the tests, compared with 62% of white students.
Local taxpayers’ supplemental contribution to the Asheville City Schools’ budget is the second-highest in the state on a per-pupil basis. In the current school year, local taxpayers will contribute $24,732,399 to the system, alongside $29,098,225 from the state and $3,413,564 from federal grants.
However, district officials say the overall numbers don’t reveal subtler financial trends. Because the number of students living in disadvantaged families is on the decline — 43.2% of students were eligible for free and reduced price lunch in the 2014-15 school year, compared with 36.5% in 2018-19 — federal Title I funding is drying up. Claxton Elementary Principal Derek Edwards, for example, said that his Title I funding went down by a third this school year.
While fewer students living in poverty sounds like a positive trend, district leaders say those who remain in the city system are the poorest of the poor. Almost 650 students live in public housing, of whom 70% are black. As of February, the district had identified 161 students who experienced homelessness this year.
To that end, school officials are increasingly advocating to fund after-school programming, which they say is most critical for poor and marginalized children.
“So many of our parents — you mention the tourism industry — they don’t start work until midmorning or noon because they are working in the many hotels in our area,” said Jones Principal Cain, who has used Title I funding to create Cubs and Hugs, an after-school program that serves about 20 Jones students at risk of falling behind academically. “If you get out of school at 3 o’clock and you have from 3 until 6, and there’s no one practicing letters with you — we have got to get our kids into after-school programs.”
Collaboration station
Like the city school system, a new coalition of government, nonprofit and school leaders assembled by City Manager Debra Campbell to create a communitywide approach to the racial achievement gap has also struggled to propose a bold vision for Asheville’s black children. At the group’s third and most recent meeting, held on April 10, frustration flared over vaguely worded proposals.
Campbell asked the group, “What does the school need from us around trying to address this achievement gap, opportunity gap?” Dr. Dan Frayne, president of Mountain Area Health Education Center, responded, “If you just say you’re going to address something, it doesn’t actually mean you are going to make it better. So I would suggest that we make a commitment to eliminate [the gap], not just address it.”
“Folks, we’ve been addressing this gap for the last 40 years,” agreed Commissioner Whitesides, an alumnus of the city school system who has also been a parent and grandparent of students and a member of the school board for eight years. “And we’re still addressing it. Until we decide that we’re going to eliminate it, we’ll still have it.”
Gene Bell, another former school board member, current school volunteer and the director of the Asheville Housing Authority, called for a schedule with annual goals. “If we talk about eliminating anything, there has to be a date, a target or some point where we’ll know if we are successful,” he said.
“If we don’t quantify it, how will we know how much progress we’re making?” Bell asked.
The effort’s goals must address the crux of the problem — “intergenerational social and structural inequities that exist in our community” — Frayne said. “If we don’t do that, all of these things that we do are going to be the same, and we’re never going to have the lens that we need to really do something different.”
Along with other initiatives, create a global citizenship academy as an educational theme/ track in the ACS system (and BCS system for that matter, too). Global citizenship preparedness is already an educational trend. Focus the academy on multicultural enrichment and run it for a significant period of time as a pilot project. Introduce it as a subcomponent in 1-3 city schools. Fund it sufficiently. Train specialty teachers/ staff in the delivery of curriculum, wrap-around services including after school programming, and a total learning environment with a predominant organizing theme of multiculturalism/ multicultural education. Organize the academy around global multicultural competence with particular emphasis on the cultures of 3-4 of the largest minority groups (e.g., race, socioeconomic status, disability, etc.) in the immediate community which certainly includes the African-American population. Make potential academy participation open all students who wish to be involved. Develop fair and legally sound recruitment, selection, admission, and retention criteria. Track student performance in the academy in a variety of ways, including by minority achievement rates and by the need for additional support services and introduce specific means in the academy to enhance the performance of student participants. Establish a community advisory board that supports the academy’s mission. As there’s a positive impact, widen the program’s use in the district. Encourage students, families, and staff who believe in, support, and seem to be in need of the theme to become a part of the academy. Those that resonate with its principles and worldview will want to become a part of it and its principles and worldview can make a difference, particularly over a healthy expanse of time.
Ms. Daffron’s article is thorough and dense with information and statistics. It is difficult for this general reader, however, to understand exactly what is being done. The problems seem to be well identified, and the goals for improvement are worthy. As outlined on the school improvement plans, the goals are clear, but the specific actions that individuals and students must do to achieve them are not. To take one example, Family Engagement at one school says there are 8 actions, with only one completed. But the 8 actions are not specified. How can the lay public (or parents) understand.? What are the 8 actions? Who is to complete them? Over what span of time? Are these recurring actions or one-time actions? While Ms. Dafferon and other reporters have only limited time to give to this one community issue, it would helpful if a reporter went on site, watched what teachers and students (and parents) were doing, and gave us some real-world picture of what’s going on. “The school regularly communicates with parents/guardians about its expectations of them and the importance of the curriculum of the home (what parents can do at home to support their children’s learning).” What does this high-minded, common-sense goal mean in practice?
Curious, I think that you missed the portion of the article where Ms. Daffron makes clear the amazing degree of research that went into this article, one of several she has written on the subject. She mentions being at several City Education Dept. meetings, talking with teachers and parents. You don’t talk to teachers and principles unless you go to their schools. Generally they do not rejoice in meeting after a long school day for a cup of coffee at Starbucks.
It is not only thorough, well researched, and well written, it is balanced. Ms. Daffron expertly weaves into her article the many facets, advocacies, and complexities of the issue of why so many students of color are doing so poorly academically. She does make it obvious, without so stating, that Al Whitesides and others who shout for more money as a solution are on the wrong track. Note that only one school district in all of NC has taxpayers paying more per student than Asheville city residents.
Thank you very much for your kind words, Richard B. I have also been in the Asheville City Schools as a substitute teacher, but that has been five years ago at this point.
The trouble I see with reporting on what’s happening in the classroom is that it’s a narrow lens. If I go there as a reporter, I am a guest of the school, escorted by administrators and seeing a curated slice of daily or hourly life. I’d have to spend weeks or months in one particular school for people to forget I’m there–and then I could say only what I saw in that one school, with extensive redactions for the privacy of minors.
Al Whitesides has actually been critical of requests for ever-increasing funding for ACS. He’s called for greater accountability on behalf of taxpayers.
Ms. Daffron , thank you for setting me straight on the issue of funding advocacy.
I do apologize to Mr. Whitesides for a mistaken perception of what I had interpreted as his thinking that money is a prime solution.
And again, allowing for your caveat on limitations of a reporter, I do believe that you have gone to great lengths to bring this article to the Community in a very balanced, thorough effort.
I have in the past worked with adolescents both in their homes and with school staff, such as IEP meetings, etc.
My observations are that the majority of our teachers try very hard to reach kids and instill in them a DESIRE to learn, let alone the subject matter.
I came away with a good deal of admiration for them, and with an understanding of the depth and layers of the issues of many of these children in being in an emotional and mental place to be involved in the learning process at school.
And I will add that, in working with three races of families and students, – Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic, – that there was very little differentiation of the family contextual problems having to do with race. Parental addictive behaviors, fathers not present or uninvolved, generational forces, played equal roles with all the families. This is why I regret that so many of our Community and Educational leaders place what I consider an undue amount of focus, time, and effort on solving “race problems”.
I will not argue what people interpret from the available statistics concerning income, etc., it just seems that the underlying problem has more to do with instilling from a young age the primary job of kids from 5 through 18, that being to do the very best they can in school. I worked with many kids, again of all races, that came from homes where the parents struggled to keep food on the table and a roof over their heads. Yet these kids were doing very well in the classroom. When I would met the parents, it became obvious why. These folks, despite their difficult circumstances, were absolutely dedicated to ensure that their children would do better and be more successful in life. Their concerns and allowing me and others into their lives was one of the main reasons that I was working with the family.
How do we accomplish that?
I understand the difficulties of reporting in depth. Thank you for your reply. A complex situation, difficult for lay people not involved with schools, to grasp in full.
This problem will never be substantially improved until the black community accepts ownership. Having and “raising” children in a chaotic and even violent environment offers little hope for a good outcome. It used to be that society “discouraged” people from having children if they could not do a decent job of parenting (no income, no father, no education, etc.)…..and even taking children from dysfunctional parents/homes and raising them in an orphanage. All this was based on a society that understood ‘greater good’, a society realizing that a without a halfway decent upbringing, the person would be a permanent drain on society.
No amount of money or hand-wringing in the school system is going to successfully turn this around. It has to start back at the “parents” and the community they live in and relate to.
Perpetuate the cycle of poverty and disadvantage, blame the victim, stereotype, white privilege much?
MIke R. is right on. Wolfgang, the only question I have for you is, ever have an original thought, or express a thought without resorting to clichés”?
The statements below are from Bill Cosby, circa 2008. After his speech to the African American Community in 2008, he was ripped by blacks for years for daring to ask the questions and challenge a discussion on the solutions to the issue under discussion. You can google the source yourself, just try ‘Bill Cosby speaks out to black families’.
“These people are not parenting. They are buying things for kids. $500 sneakers for what??
And they won’t spend $200 for Hooked on Phonics.
I am talking about these people who cry when their son is standing there in an orange suit.
Where were you when he was 2??
Where were you when he was 12??
Where were you when he was 18 and how come you didn’t know that he had a pistol??
And where is the father?? Or, who is his father?
People putting their clothes on backward, isn’t that a sign of something gone wrong?
People with their hats on backward, pants down around the crack, isn’t that a sign of something?
Or, are you waiting for Jesus to pull his pants up?
Isn’t it a sign of something when she has her dress all the way up and got all type of needles [piercing] going through her body?
What part of Africa did this come from??
We are not Africans. Those people are not Africans. They don’t know a thing about Africa .
With names like Shaniqua, Taliqua and Mohammed and all of that crap, and all of them are in jail.
Brown or black versus the Board of Education is no longer the white person’s problem.
We have got to take the neighborhood back.
People used to be ashamed. Today, a woman has eight children with eight different ‘husbands’ — or men or whatever you call them now.
We have millionaire football players who cannot read.
We have million-dollar basketball players who can’t write two paragraphs.”
Quoting Bill Cosby on responsible behavior is like quoting Bill Cosby on responsible behavior.
Okay Peter, finding out that Cosby was a sexual predator causes you to dismiss without qualification any prior statements or deeds he may have uttered or accomplished.
The man had a problem, a very serious problem. Unlike many in our society, past and present, he is now atoning for his sins.
Hopefully you are neither a Judge or one in authority to impact another’s life with your so stern and unassailable reasoning.
Let’s just say he’s not the guy I would pick to advise young people about how to pull up their pants.
You’re quite right Richard B. those terms… blame the victim, perpetuating the cycle of poverty, stereotyping, and White Privilege… are not terms original to me and have become increasingly a part of social consciousness. So what’s driving that, where do they come from, and what’s the meaning behind them? And why would you choose to minimize their significance and imply that all black students, their families, and the black community in the Asheville area are the culprit for the achievement gap in the ACS school system because you apparently have judged them as fitting the stereotype or cliche painted by talented, privileged, and predatory Bill Cosby? Hope that stirs some original thought in you.
I feel very sorry for the children of these dysfunctional families; whether black or white, or orange or pink. So on that point, I understand why people want to do whatever they can to help these kids. But my point is that this is not something the school system can fix. It has to be fixed in the family, the neighborhood and society in general. And what does that fix look like? It looks like a black community that shames young girls from having children (almost always out of wedlock) instead of supporting that type of irresponsible behavior. I know of this first hand, so don’t tell me I’m some white privileged bigot. And I’m not saying this doesn’t happen with whites, latinos, etc. It does of course. And I don’t support their behavior either. But this article/issue is about poor black children and when looking at that culture, it is screwed up. Period. We need to start speaking the hard truth instead of being so “nice” and avoiding the real issue/problem.
‘Having and “raising” children in a chaotic and even violent environment offers little hope for a good outcome.’
My dude, have you ever paid attention to the lyrics of classic country songs? Lots of absent parents and beatings and addiction and suchlike.
Maybe too late for you to read this, but perhaps relevant to your comment:
https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2019/05/31/asheville-youth-lead-bullying-achievement-gap-forum-grant-center/1261747001/
David Brooks’s column might have some relevance to ways of attacking the achievement gap in Asheville: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/27/opinion/welfare-community-uk.html
“Cottam has spent the past decade or so helping local authorities across Britain build new welfare programs. Her programs start by shifting power to the former ‘recipients’ of services. The programs ask, What sort of trajectory would you like to be on? Then the programs build social networks around the families to help them achieve their goals. For example, Ella was asked if she would like to lead a ‘life team’ that would help her family turn around. She agreed. She was given the power to select the eight people from across agencies who would comprise the team. She chose people from social work, the housing authority and the police force. Members of the team spent 80 percent of their time with the family and only 20 percent on administration. “
Brooks sidesteps the decade of reduced funding for local authorities in England that has led to the closure of libraries and rec centers and after-school programs in order to maintain their legal obligations to fund nursing homes for seniors and services for vulnerable children:
https://www.local.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/future-funding-outlook-co-18b.pdf
In broad terms, moving from a crisis-based approach to a proactive one is a good thing, but it has to take account of learned helplessness — that for the less-well-off, and even the paycheck-to-paycheck middle class, a short-term crisis can have long-term repercussions that undermine everything.